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Homeopathy
Homeopathy () is a system of alternative medicine created in 1796 by Samuel Hahnemann based on his doctrine of ''like cures like'' (''similia similibus curentur''), a claim that a substance that causes the symptoms of a disease in healthy people would cure similar symptoms in sick people.〔 Large-scale studies have found homeopathic preparations to be no more effective than a placebo, suggesting that positive feelings after taking homeopathic medicines are due to the placebo effect and normal recovery from illness.〔〔〔 Homeopathy is what is known as a pseudoscience, a belief that is incorrectly presented as scientific - and is ineffective for treating any condition.〔〔〔〔
Hahnemann believed the underlying causes of disease were phenomena that he termed ''miasms'', and that homeopathic preparations addressed these. The preparations are manufactured using a process of homeopathic dilution, which involves repeatedly diluting a chosen substance in alcohol or distilled water, followed by forceful striking on an elastic material, (commonly a leather-bound book).〔 Dilution typically continues well past the point where no molecules of the original substance remain. Homeopaths select remedies by consulting reference books known as ''repertories'', and by considering the totality of the patient's symptoms, personal traits, physical and psychological state, and life history.
Homeopathy is not a plausible system of treatment, as its axioms about how drugs, illness, the human body, liquids and solutions operate are contradicted by a wide range of discoveries across biology, psychology, physics and chemistry made in the two centuries since its invention.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Homeopathy )〕〔UK Parliamentary Committee Science and Technology Committee - ("Evidence Check 2: Homeopathy" )〕〔 Although some clinical trials produce positive results,〔〔 multiple systematic reviews have indicated that this is because of chance, flawed research methods, and reporting bias. Continued homeopathic practice, despite the evidence that it does not work, has been criticized as unethical because it discourages the use of effective treatments,〔 with the World Health Organisation warning against using homeopathy to try to treat severe diseases such as HIV and malaria. The continued practice of homeopathy, despite a lack of evidence of efficacy,〔〔〔 has led to it being characterized within the scientific and medical communities as nonsense, quackery,〔 and a sham.〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=January 15, 2013 )〕
Assessments by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and the Swiss and British government health departments have each concluded that homeopathy is ineffective, recommending against the practice receiving any further funding.
==History==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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